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混凝土 16

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Reliability and variance-based sensitivity analysis of arch dams during construction and reservoir impoundment

M. Houshmand KHANEGHAHI, M. ALEMBAGHERI, N. SOLTANI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 526-541 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0495-1

摘要： The static performance of arch dams during construction and reservoir impoundment is assessed taking into account the effects of uncertainties presented in the model properties as well as the loading conditions. Dez arch dam is chosen as the case study; it is modeled along with its rock foundation using the finite element method considering the stage construction. Since previous studies concentrated on simplified models and approaches, comprehensive study of the arch dam model along with efficient and state-of-the-art uncertainty methods are incorporated in this investigation. The reliability method is performed to assess the safety level and the sensitivity analyses for identifying critical input factors and their interaction effects on the response of the dam. Global sensitivity analysis based on improved Latin hypercube sampling is employed in this study to indicate the influence of each random variable and their interaction on variance of the responses. Four levels of model advancement are considered for the dam-foundation system: 1) Monolithic dam without any joint founded on the homogeneous rock foundation, 2) monolithic dam founded on the inhomogeneous foundation including soft rock layers, 3) jointed dam including the peripheral and contraction joints founded on the homogeneous foundation, and 4) jointed dam founded on the inhomogeneous foundation. For each model, proper performance indices are defined through limit-state functions. In this manner, the effects of input parameters in each performance level of the dam are investigated. The outcome of this study is defining the importance of input factors in each stage and model based on the variance of the dam response. Moreover, the results of sampling are computed in order to assess the safety level of the dam in miscellaneous loading and modeling conditions.

关键词： concrete arch dams reliability randomness improved Latin hypercube sampling variance-based sensitivity analysis exceedance probability Sobol′ index

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Risk-based probabilistic thermal-stress analysis of concrete arch dams

Narjes SOLTANI, Mohammad ALEMBAGHERI, Mohammad Houshmand KHANEGHAHI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第5期页码 1007-1019 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0521-y

摘要： The probabilistic risk of arch dam failure under thermal loading is studied. The incorporated uncertainties, which are defined as random variables, are associated with the most affecting structural (material) properties of concrete and thermal loading conditions. Karaj arch dam is selected as case study. The dam is numerically modeled along with its foundation in three-dimensional space; the temperature and thermal stress distribution is investigated during the operating phase. The deterministic thermal finite element analysis of the dam is combined with the structural reliability methods in order to obtain thermal response predictions, and estimate the probability of failure in the risk analysis context. The tensile overstressing failure mode is considered for the reliability analysis. The thermal loading includes ambient air and reservoir temperature variations. The effect of solar radiation is considered by an increase in the ambient temperatures. Three reliability methods are employed: the first-order second-moment method, the first-order reliability method, and the Monte-Carlo simulation with Latin Hypercube sampling. The estimated failure probabilities are discussed and the sensitivity of random variables is investigated. Although most of the studies in this line of research are used only for academic purposes, the results of this investigation can be used for both academic and engineering purposes.

关键词： arch dams probabilistic analysis thermal stress sensitivity reliability

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我国高坝建设和科技攻关

陈宗梁

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 84-89

摘要：

介绍了我国大坝建设的发展和特点，概括了高坝建设中的地质勘探、坝工技术、泄洪消能、坝基处理和髙边坡处理等方面的科技成果和应用水平，展望了我国高坝发展前景并指出今后高坝科技攻关重点。

关键词：水力发电高坝重力坝拱坝碾压混凝土坝面板堆石坝

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Shape design of arch dams under load uncertainties with robust optimization

Fengjie TAN, Tom LAHMER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 852-862 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0522-x

摘要： Due to an increased need in hydro-electricity, water storage, and flood protection, it is assumed that a series of new dams will be build throughout the world. The focus of this paper is on the non-probabilistic-based design of new arch-type dams by applying means of robust design optimization (RDO). This type of optimization takes into account uncertainties in the loads and in the material properties of the structure. As classical procedures of probabilistic-based optimization under uncertainties, such as RDO and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), are in general computationally expensive and rely on estimates of the system’s response variance, we will not follow a full-probabilistic approach but work with predefined confidence levels. This leads to a bi-level optimization program where the volume of the dam is optimized under the worst combination of the uncertain parameters. As a result, robust and reliable designs are obtained and the result is independent from any assumptions on stochastic properties of the random variables in the model. The optimization of an arch-type dam is realized here by a robust optimization method under load uncertainty, where hydraulic and thermal loads are considered. The load uncertainty is modeled as an ellipsoidal expression. Comparing with any traditional deterministic optimization method, which only concerns the minimum objective value and offers a solution candidate close to limit-states, the RDO method provides a robust solution against uncertainty. To reduce the computational cost, a ranking strategy and an approximation model are further involved to do a preliminary screening. By this means, the robust design can generate an improved arch dam structure that ensures both safety and serviceability during its lifetime.

关键词： arch dam shape optimization robust optimization load uncertainty approximation model

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300m 级特高拱坝建设关键技术与实践

王仁坤

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第3期页码 350-359 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.012

摘要：

中国于2000 年成功建设二滩拱坝( 高240 m）以来，至2014 年年底已建成7 座坝高超过200 m 的特高拱坝，其中锦屏一级拱坝（高305 m）、小湾拱坝（高294.5 m）、溪洛渡拱坝（高285.5 m）不仅坝高达300 m 级，而且因地质条件复杂，水推力巨大，抗震要求高，在安全控制技术等方面取得了新的突破。本文主要阐述300 m 级特高拱坝的基础可利用岩体及合理建基面、体形优化设计、安全设计准则、抗震研究与抗震措施、复杂地基的典型处理、混凝土及施工期温控防裂等关键技术。

关键词：特高拱坝优化设计整体安全抗震安全混凝土温控

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Analysis of foundation sliding of an arch dam considering the hydromechanical behavior

Maria Luísa Braga FARINHA, José Vieira de LEMOS, Emanuel MARANHA DAS NEVES

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 35-43 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0142-1

摘要： This paper presents the application of a methodology which can be used to assess arch dam foundation stability, using the discrete element method (DEM) and the code 3DEC. A global three-dimensional model of a dam foundation was developed, in which some discontinuities were simulated and both the grout and drainage curtains were represented. The model, calibrated taking into account recorded data, was used to carry out nonlinear mechanical analysis. The same model was employed to perform a hydraulic analysis, based on equivalent continuum concepts, which allowed the water pressure pattern within the foundation to be obtained. These water pressures were applied on discontinuities involved in the possible sliding mechanism along the dam/foundation interface, and the safety of the dam/foundation system was evaluated using a process of reduction of strength characteristics, with the aim of calculating the minimum safety factors that ensure stability. Results were compared with those obtained with the usual bi-linear uplift pressure distribution at the base of the dam, commonly used in concrete dam design. The relevance of carrying out hydraulic analysis in arch dam foundation failure studies is highlighted.

关键词： concrete dams rock foundations hydromechanical behavior failure analysis

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Earthquake analysis of arch and gravity dams including the effects of foundation inhomogeneity

LIN Gao, DU Jianguo, HU Zhiqiang

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 41-50 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0004-4

摘要： Dam-foundation interaction plays an important role in the design of earthquake-resistant concrete arch and gravity dams. Geological conditions of the dam canyon are usually very complicated; however, in the literature, the damfoundation interaction analysis is often carried out based on the premise of a homogeneous unbounded foundation. In this paper, the effect of foundation inhomogeneity on the seismic response of arch and gravity dams was studied by means of scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). In order to satisfy the similarity requirement of SBFEM and simplify the computational effort, a subdomain approach and a conical representation of an unbounded foundation were proposed. The way of partitioning the domain and the selection of open angle and bottom radius of the cone model on the accuracy of the result were examined. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach is rational and efficient. Cases of foundation inhomogeneity with stiffness varying in accordance with an exponential function along the radial direction, and cases of foundation inhomogeneity with stiffness discontinuity and with weak interlayer strata on the earthquake response of concrete arch dams as well as gravity dams were analyzed. It was found that a homogeneous idealization of the unbounded foundation may sometimes greatly underestimate the maximum earthquake stress response of the dam. Therefore, taking into account the effect of foundation inhomogeneity for the earthquake safety assessment of concrete arch and gravity dams has great significance.

关键词： selection interlayer damfoundation interaction Geological computational

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Modelling autogenous expansion for magnesia concrete in arch dams

JIN Feng, LUO Xiaoqing, ZHANG Chuhan, ZHANG Guoxin

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第2卷第3期页码 211-218 doi: 10.1007/s11709-008-0025-7

摘要： Magnesia Concrete is a kind of expansive concrete used in Chinese hydraulic engineering more and more widely. To evaluate the effects of autogenous expansion on the stresses of arch dams, a simple model of autogenous expansion for Magnesia Concrete in dam engineering is presented. This model is based on three assumptions: 1) the total amount of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is related only to the properties of materials and mixing of concrete; 2) the autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is irreversible due to the irreversibility of hydration reaction of Magnesia in the concrete; 3) the autogenous expansion strain rates of Magnesia Concrete bear a relation between temperature and residual Magnesia per unit volume of concrete. The model is verified by some experimental data of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete and field-measured data of an arch dam in China. Embedded into finite element arch dam simulation software, this model is employed to simulate the effects of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete in hydraulic engineering.

关键词： field-measured irreversibility temperature irreversible element arch

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Dynamic failure analysis of concrete dams under air blast using coupled Euler-Lagrange finite element

Farhoud KALATEH

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 15-37 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0465-7

摘要： In this study, the air blast response of the concrete dams including dam-reservoir interaction and acoustic cavitation in the reservoir is investigated. The finite element (FE) developed code are used to build three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of concrete dams. A fully coupled Euler-Lagrange formulation has been adopted herein. A previous developed model including the strain rate effects is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. In addition, a one-fluid cavitating model is employed for the simulation of acoustic cavitation in the fluid domain. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the air blast loading on the response of concrete dam systems. Hence, the analyses are performed for different heights of dam and different values of the charge distance from the charge center. Numerical results revealed that 1) concrete arch dams are more vulnerable to air blast loading than concrete gravity dams; 2) reservoir has mitigation effect on the response of concrete dams; 3) acoustic cavitation intensify crest displacement of concrete dams.

关键词： air blast loading concrete dams finite element dam-reservoir interaction cavitation concrete damage model

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Trial design of arch bridge of composite box section with steel web-concrete flange

Jiangang WEI, Qingwei HUANG, Baochun CHEN,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 370-375 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0073-7

摘要： The concrete arch bridge is a natural and appropriate structural solution, aesthetically pleasing and easily integrated into the environment, especially in mountainous and island areas. However, construction difficulty and cost will increase with heavy self-weight when the span enlarges. A potential solution is to use a composite box arch ring with steel web-concrete flange. Taking Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge (the longest concrete arch bridge in the world with a main span of 420 m) as a prototype, trial designs of a composite box arch with steel webs (including corrugated steel webs and plain steel webs) and concrete flanges were carried out. Comparison of quantities and structural behaviors of the prototype concrete arch with the two trial designed composite arch was presented. It is shown that the self-weight of the composite arch can reduce about 28% and the structures can meet the design requirements, therefore it is possible to use the two composite arches in long span arch bridges.

关键词： steel webs concrete box arch trial design structural behaviors finite element method

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Analysis of arch dam deformations

Franz PERNER, Pius OBERNHUBER,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 102-108 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0012-7

摘要： Predicting “regular” dam deformations for prevailing conditions and comparing them with observed deformations is an essential part of dam surveillance. In many cases prediction and comparison are carried out automatically and an alarm is triggered in the case of larger deviations.The main contributors to the deformations of arch dams are water loading and the fluctuation of concrete temperature. In general, the deformations exhibit an instantaneous elastic part, a time dependent reversible part and an irreversible part. Prediction of dam deformations can be based on deterministic models, purely statistical models or so-called hybrid models, which are a combination of the first two. Deterministic models rely on static analyses, statistical models on the statistical analysis of previous deformation data.For annual reservoirs, both water loading and temperature vary in cycles over a period of one year and it is extremely difficult to identify the various factors contributing to an observed deformation. This is particularly true for time-dependent reversible displacements due to the water loading and the portion caused by temperature variation.The present article deals with the analysis of arch dam deformations based on hybrid models. Particular attention is given to the analysis of the deformations due to temperature fluctuation and to the long-term deformations. The proposed procedure is employed for the analysis of the deformations of the 186 m high Zillergruendl arch dam.

关键词： arch dam analysis Zillergruendl concrete temperature hybrid model

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Strengthening of the concrete face slabs of dams using sprayable strain-hardening fiber-reinforced cementitious

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 145-160 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0806-4

摘要： In this study, sprayable strain-hardening fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) were applied to strengthen the concrete slabs in a concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) for the first time. Experimental, numerical, and analytical investigations were carried out to understand the flexural properties of FRCC-layered concrete slabs. It was found that the FRCC layer improved the flexural performance of concrete slabs significantly. The cracking and ultimate loads of a concrete slab with an 80 mm FRCC layer were 132% and 69% higher than those of the unstrengthened concrete slab, respectively. At the maximum crack width of 0.2 mm, the deflection of the 80-mm FRCC strengthened concrete slab was 144% higher than that of the unstrengthened concrete slab. In addition, a FE model and a simplified analytical method were developed for the design and analysis of FRCC-layered concrete slabs. Finally, the test result of FRCC leaching solution indicated that the quality of the water surrounding FRCC satisfied the standard for drinking water. The findings of this study indicate that the sprayable strain-hardening FRCC has a good potential for strengthening hydraulic structures such as CFRDs.

关键词： strain-hardening cementitious composites engineered cementitious composites sprayable shotcrete strengthening concrete-face rockfill dam digital image correlation

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中国钢管混凝土拱桥 Review

郑皆连, 王建军

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第1期页码 143-155 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2017.12.003

摘要：

近20 多年来，中国钢管混凝土拱桥和以钢管混凝土为骨架的混凝土拱桥获得大发展，跨径增大很快，在桥梁发展史上罕见。高速公路和高速铁路的大规模建设为大跨径拱桥的发展提供了需求，设计及施工技术的进步为修建大跨径拱桥提供了可能。作为这段历史的参与者，我们通过本文来介绍中国钢管混凝土拱桥和以钢管混凝土为劲性骨架的混凝土拱桥的发展状况及主要创新技术，内容主要包括钢管混凝土拱桥关键建设技术，如钢管拱桁设计、制造与安装，管内混凝土制备与灌注等技术，以世界最大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥——合江长江一桥为工程实例进行了详细介绍；以及劲性骨架混凝土拱桥的主要建设技术，如斜拉扣挂悬拼施工、斜拉扣索调载、拱肋外包混凝土浇注等，并对广西邕宁邕江大桥和云桂铁路南盘江特大桥两个工程实例进行了介绍。中国钢管混凝土拱桥取得了同类桥型世界领先的地位，随着关键技术的持续创新，将成为推动拱桥发展突破的新领军者。

关键词：钢管混凝土拱桥劲性骨架混凝土拱桥斜拉扣挂悬拼真空辅助灌注管内混凝土斜拉扣索调载

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A general framework for modeling long-term behavior of earth and concrete dams

Bernhard A. SCHREFLER, Francesco PESAVENTO, Lorenzo SANAVIA, Giuseppe SCIUME, Stefano SECCHI, Luciano SIMONI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 41-52 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0070-x

摘要： Many problems are linked with the long-term behavior of both earthdams and concrete dams. They range from hydraulic fracturing to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and to repair work in concrete dams, from seismic behavior to secondary consolidation in earthdams. A common framework for the simulation of such systems is shown, based on the mechanics of multiphase porous media. The general model is particularized to specific situations and several examples are shown.

关键词： earth dams concrete dams multiphase porous materials coupled problems hydraulic fracture concrete hydration alkali-silica reaction (ASR) finite element method

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Dynamic in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD

Neftalí SARMIENTO-SOLANO, Miguel P. ROMO

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 135-148 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0481-7

摘要： Severe earthquakes can induce damages to Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRDs) such as concrete cracking and joint's water stops distressing where high in-plane transversal normal stresses develop. Although these damages rarely jeopardize the dam safety, they cause large water reservoir leakages that hinder the dam functioning. This issue can be addressed using well know numerical methods; however, given the wide range of parameters involved, it would seem appropriate to develop a simple yet reliable procedure to get a close understanding how their interaction affects the CFRD’s overall behavior. Accordingly, once the physics of the problem is better understood one can proceed to perform a detailed design of the various components of the dam. To this end an easy-to-use procedure that accounts for the dam height effects, valley narrowness, valley slopes, width of concrete slabs and seismic excitation characteristics was developed. The procedure is the dynamic complement of a method recently developed to evaluate in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD’s due to dam reservoir filling [ ]. Using these two procedures in a sequential manner, it is possible to define the concrete slab in-plane normal stresses induced by the reservoir filling and the action of orthogonal horizontal seismic excitations acting at the same time upstream-downstream and cross river. Both procedures were developed from a data base generated using nonlinear static and dynamic three-dimensional numerical analyses on the same group of CFRD’s. Then, the results were interpreted with the Buckingham Pi theorem and various relationships were developed. In the above reference, the method to evaluate the concrete face in-plane transversal normal stresses caused by the first reservoir filling was reported. In this paper, the seismic procedure is first developed and then through an example the whole method (dam construction, reservoir filling plus seismic loading) of analysis is assessed.

关键词： CFR dams dynamic analysis in-plane normal stresses concrete face